Falls

Have you ever felt dizzy, lightheaded, unsteady, or as if the room is spinning (vertigo)? If these sensations happen often, they may signal a balance disorder. Balance problems can make you feel unstable while standing or walking. You may also experience blurred vision, confusion, nausea, or disorientation. These issues are a major cause of falls, which can lead to serious injuries such as hip fractures.

Balance problems often result from disorders of the inner ear, including conditions that affect the vestibular system. However, they may also involve the brain, heart, nerves, muscles, vision, or blood circulation. Aging, infections, head injuries, certain medications, and reduced blood flow to the brain can all contribute.

It is important to consult a healthcare provider if you experience persistent balance issues. They may be a symptom of underlying medical conditions such as ear infections, stroke, neurological disorders, or cardiovascular disease. Your doctor may refer you to a specialist and recommend diagnostic tests such as hearing evaluations, blood tests, imaging studies (CT or MRI scans), or vestibular function tests that assess eye movements and balance responses.

Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Managing the primary condition often improves balance. Vestibular rehabilitation therapy, medications, dietary adjustments, and specific exercises can also help restore stability and reduce symptoms.

Source: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), National Institutes of Health (NIH) – Balance Disorders

What are the health benefits of exercise?

Regular exercise and physical activity may:

• Help you reach and maintain a healthy weight. Exercise helps balance calories consumed with calories burned and reduces the risk of obesity.
• Reduce your risk of heart disease. Physical activity strengthens the heart muscle, improves circulation, lowers blood pressure, and reduces LDL (“bad”) cholesterol and triglycerides.
• Improve blood glucose and insulin regulation. Exercise lowers blood sugar levels and improves insulin sensitivity, helping prevent or manage metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes.
• Help manage chronic conditions. Physical activity can reduce pain and improve mobility in arthritis and support independence for people with disabilities.
• Support smoking cessation. Exercise may reduce nicotine cravings and withdrawal symptoms.
• Enhance mental health. Physical activity stimulates endorphins and other neurotransmitters that reduce stress, anxiety, and depression.
• Maintain cognitive function. Exercise supports brain health and may reduce the risk of cognitive decline.
• Strengthen bones and muscles. Weight-bearing and resistance exercises build bone density and muscle mass, reducing the risk of osteoporosis.
• Reduce cancer risk. Physical activity is linked to a lower risk of colon, breast, uterine, bladder, esophageal, kidney, stomach, and lung cancers.
• Reduce fall risk. Balance and strength training lower fall risk, especially in older adults.
• Improve sleep quality.
• Boost energy levels.
• Improve sexual health.
• Increase longevity. Regular physical activity reduces the risk of premature death from leading causes such as heart disease and certain cancers.

How can I make exercise part of my regular routine?

• Make daily activities more active (take the stairs, walk during breaks).
• Exercise with friends or join a group class.
• Track progress using a journal or fitness tracker.
• Make it enjoyable (music, variety, indoor alternatives).
• Remember that even small amounts of activity provide benefits.

Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) – Benefits of Physical Activity

People in the United States are living longer, increasing the importance of maintaining health and independence as we age. Healthy aging involves adopting habits that support both physical and mental well-being.

A healthy lifestyle for older adults includes:

• Healthy eating. Nutrient-dense foods such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, low-fat dairy, nuts, and seeds. Limit empty calories, cholesterol, excess fat, and alcohol. Stay hydrated.
• Regular physical activity. Helps maintain strength, balance, and mobility.
• Maintaining a healthy weight.
• Keeping the mind active. Reading, learning new skills, puzzles, and social interaction help preserve cognitive function.
• Prioritizing mental health. Practice relaxation techniques and seek support when needed.
• Staying socially engaged.
• Taking an active role in healthcare. Regular screenings and medication management.
• Avoiding tobacco use.
• Preventing falls. Exercise, home safety modifications, and vision checks reduce risk.

Adopting these habits at any age can improve health outcomes and quality of life.

Source: National Institute on Aging (NIA), National Institutes of Health (NIH) – Healthy Aging

What is sleep?

Sleep is a biological process essential for restoring energy, supporting memory and learning, regulating hormones, and maintaining overall health. During sleep, the brain cycles through non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) stages and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. These stages influence brain activity, breathing, heart rate, and temperature.

Healthy sleep supports:

• Cognitive performance and memory consolidation
• Cardiovascular health
• Hormone production (growth hormone, sex hormones)
• Appetite regulation
• Immune function

How much sleep do I need?

General recommendations:

• Babies (4–12 months): 12–16 hours (including naps)
• Children (1–2 years): 11–14 hours
• Children (3–5 years): 10–13 hours
• Children (6–12 years): 9–12 hours
• Teens (13–18 years): 8–10 hours
• Adults (18+ years): 7–9 hours

Sleep quality matters as much as quantity. Frequent interruptions reduce restorative sleep stages.

Health effects of sleep deprivation

Lack of sleep increases the risk of:

• High blood pressure
• Heart disease
• Stroke
• Kidney disease
• Obesity
• Type 2 diabetes
• Depression and anxiety

Sleep deprivation also impairs judgment, reaction time, and memory, increasing accident risk.

How can I get better sleep?

• Maintain a consistent sleep schedule
• Avoid caffeine and nicotine late in the day
• Exercise regularly (not too close to bedtime)
• Avoid heavy meals and alcohol before bed
• Create a cool, dark, quiet sleep environment
• Limit screen time before sleep
• Seek medical advice if sleep problems persist

Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH) – Sleep Health

What is osteoporosis?

Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by low bone mass and structural deterioration of bone tissue, leading to fragile bones and an increased risk of fractures. It is often called a “silent disease” because bone loss occurs without symptoms until a fracture happens, most commonly in the hip, spine, or wrist.

What causes osteoporosis?

Bone tissue constantly remodels. Osteoporosis develops when bone breakdown exceeds bone formation. Aging is a major factor, but hormonal changes, nutritional deficiencies, certain medications, and medical conditions also contribute.

Who is more likely to develop osteoporosis?

Risk factors include:

• Female sex, especially postmenopausal women
• Age over 50
• Small body frame
• White or Asian ethnicity
• Family history
• Low hormone levels
• Low calcium or vitamin D intake
• Long-term corticosteroid use
• Medical conditions (endocrine disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, HIV)
• Smoking
• Heavy alcohol use
• Physical inactivity

Symptoms

Usually none until a fracture occurs.

Diagnosis

The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends screening for:

• Women aged 65 and older
• Postmenopausal women under 65 with risk factors

Diagnosis includes:

• Medical history review
• Physical examination
• Bone mineral density test (DEXA scan)
• Fracture risk assessment

Treatment

Treatment goals are to prevent fractures and slow bone loss. Recommendations may include:

• Adequate calcium and vitamin D
• Weight-bearing and resistance exercises
• Smoking cessation and alcohol moderation
• Fall prevention strategies
• Medications that reduce bone loss or build new bone

Avoid high-risk movements that strain the spine.

Prevention

Strong bones are supported by:

• A calcium- and vitamin D-rich diet
• Regular weight-bearing exercise
• Limiting alcohol
• Avoiding tobacco use

Source: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH) – Osteoporosis

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a type of depression that follows a seasonal pattern. It most commonly begins in late fall or early winter and improves during the spring and summer months. Less commonly, some individuals experience SAD during the spring or summer.

Symptoms of SAD

• Persistent sadness
• Gloomy or negative outlook
• Feelings of hopelessness, worthlessness, or irritability
• Loss of interest in activities once enjoyed
• Low energy or fatigue
• Difficulty sleeping or oversleeping
• Carbohydrate cravings and weight gain
• Thoughts of death or suicide

SAD is more common in women, young adults, and individuals who live farther from the equator where daylight hours are shorter in winter. A personal or family history of depression increases risk.

Researchers believe SAD is linked to biological clock disruptions due to reduced sunlight exposure. Decreased sunlight may affect serotonin (a neurotransmitter regulating mood), melatonin (which controls sleep-wake cycles), and vitamin D levels — all of which can influence mood.

Treatment

• Light therapy (bright light exposure each morning)
• Antidepressant medications
• Psychotherapy, especially cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
• In some cases, a combination of treatments

Source: National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH) – Seasonal Affective Disorder

What is traumatic brain injury (TBI)?

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a sudden injury that disrupts normal brain function. It can occur from a blow, bump, or jolt to the head (closed head injury) or when an object penetrates the skull (penetrating injury).

TBIs range from mild to severe. A concussion is a mild form of TBI. While many people recover fully, more severe TBIs can cause long-term complications, coma, or death.

What causes TBI?

Closed head injury causes:

• Falls (leading cause among adults aged 65+)
• Motor vehicle crashes (common in young adults)
• Sports injuries
• Being struck by an object
• Child abuse (leading cause in children under 4)
• Blast injuries from explosions

Penetrating injury causes:

• Gunshot wounds
• Shrapnel injuries
• Assault with weapons
• Skull fractures causing bone fragments to enter the brain

Who is at risk?

• Men (higher incidence than women)
• Adults aged 65+ (highest hospitalization and death rates)

Symptoms of TBI

Mild TBI:

• Brief loss of consciousness (sometimes)
• Headache
• Confusion
• Dizziness
• Blurred vision
• Ringing in the ears
• Fatigue
• Sleep disturbances
• Mood or behavior changes
• Memory and concentration problems

Moderate to severe TBI:

• Worsening headache
• Repeated vomiting
• Seizures
• Slurred speech
• Dilated pupils
• Weakness or numbness
• Loss of coordination
• Increased confusion or agitation
• Inability to wake from sleep

Diagnosis

• Review symptoms and injury details
• Perform a neurological exam
• Order CT or MRI scans
• Use the Glasgow Coma Scale
• Conduct neuropsychological testing

Treatment

Mild TBI:

• Rest and gradual return to activity
• Symptom monitoring

Moderate to severe TBI:

• Stabilization (oxygen, blood flow, pressure control)
• Surgery (remove clots, relieve pressure, repair fractures)
• Medications (anticonvulsants, antidepressants, anticoagulants, muscle relaxants, stimulants)
• Rehabilitation (physical, occupational, speech, cognitive, and psychological therapy)

Prevention

• Wear seatbelts and child safety seats
• Avoid driving under the influence
• Wear helmets for sports and cycling
• Prevent falls (home safety modifications and strength training)

Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), NIH – Traumatic Brain Injury

What is aphasia?

Aphasia is a language disorder that affects speaking, understanding, reading, and writing. It is not a disease but a symptom of brain damage affecting language centers.

Types of aphasia:

• Expressive aphasia: Difficulty expressing thoughts verbally or in writing
• Receptive aphasia: Difficulty understanding spoken or written language
• Global aphasia: Severe impairment of speaking, understanding, reading, and writing
• Anomic aphasia: Difficulty finding the correct words

Some cases improve spontaneously, but many require therapy.

Causes

• Stroke (most common cause)
• Brain tumors
• Brain infections or inflammation
• Traumatic brain injury
• Progressive neurological diseases (e.g., dementia)

Who is at risk?

Aphasia can occur at any age but is most common in middle-aged and older adults, particularly after stroke.

Diagnosis

Providers may:

• Test language comprehension and expression
• Order imaging (MRI or CT scan)
• Refer to a speech-language pathologist for detailed assessment

Treatment

• Speech-language therapy (individual or group)
• Computer-assisted therapy
• Communication strategies (gestures, devices, apps)
• Family involvement in therapy

Prevention

• Reduce stroke risk through heart-healthy lifestyle habits
• Protect against brain injury (helmets, fall prevention, seatbelt use)

Source: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), NIH – Aphasia

The arm consists of three bones — the humerus, radius, and ulna — along with muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments, and nerves. Injuries may occur during sports, falls, overuse, or accidents.

Types of arm injuries include:

• Tendinitis and bursitis
• Sprains and strains
• Dislocations
• Fractures
• Nerve injuries
• Osteoarthritis

Specific areas such as the shoulder, elbow, wrist, and hand may also be affected. Treatment depends on the type and severity of injury and may include rest, ice, physical therapy, medications, immobilization, or surgery.

Source: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), NIH – Arm Injuries and Disorders

What is bipolar disorder?

Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition characterized by extreme mood episodes that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression).

Mood episodes include:

• Manic episode: Elevated, energized, or irritable mood
• Depressive episode: Sad, hopeless, or low mood
• Mixed episode: Symptoms of mania and depression at the same time

Types of bipolar disorder:

• Bipolar I disorder: Manic episodes lasting at least 7 days or requiring hospitalization; depressive episodes common
• Bipolar II disorder: Depressive episodes with hypomania (less severe mania)
• Cyclothymic disorder (cyclothymia): Chronic but milder mood fluctuations lasting 2+ years in adults

Causes

The exact cause is unknown but likely involves genetics, brain chemistry, and environmental stressors.

Risk factors

• Family history
• Trauma or major stress

Symptoms

Manic episode:

• Feeling very high or irritable
• Racing thoughts
• Less need for sleep
• Risky behaviors
• Inflated self-esteem

Depressive episode:

• Persistent sadness
• Loss of interest
• Fatigue
• Sleep changes
• Appetite changes
• Thoughts of death or suicide

Diagnosis

• Medical history and symptom review
• Physical exam
• Mental health evaluation
• Rule out other medical causes

Treatment

• Mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, or antidepressants
• Psychotherapy (CBT, family-focused therapy)
• Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for severe cases
• Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
• Light therapy (especially if seasonal patterns are present)
• Healthy lifestyle habits (regular sleep, exercise, mood tracking)

Bipolar disorder is a lifelong condition, but consistent treatment can help individuals live stable and productive lives.

Source: National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH) – Bipolar Disorder

What are blood thinners?

Blood thinners are medicines that reduce the blood’s ability to form clots. They do not dissolve existing clots, but they help prevent clots from growing larger and reduce the risk of new clots forming.

Blood clots can block blood flow in arteries and veins. When clots form in the heart or blood vessels, they can cause serious complications such as heart attacks, strokes, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), or pulmonary embolism (PE). Because of this, preventing harmful clots is critical.

Who needs blood thinners?

You may need a blood thinner if you have:

• Certain heart or blood vessel diseases
• Atrial fibrillation (an abnormal heart rhythm)
• A mechanical heart valve replacement
• A history or high risk of blood clots after surgery
• Congenital heart defects

What are the different types of blood thinners?

There are two main types:

• Anticoagulants (e.g., heparin, warfarin/Coumadin, and direct oral anticoagulants) slow the body’s clotting process.
• Antiplatelet medicines (e.g., aspirin, clopidogrel) prevent platelets from sticking together to form clots. These are commonly used after heart attack or stroke.

How can I take blood thinners safely?

• Follow dosing instructions exactly as prescribed.
• Inform your provider about all medicines, vitamins, and supplements you take.
• Be aware of food interactions (especially with warfarin and vitamin K–rich foods).
• Limit alcohol intake.
• You may need regular blood tests (such as INR testing for warfarin) to monitor clotting levels.

The goal is to prevent clots while minimizing bleeding risk.

What are the side effects of blood thinners?

The most common side effect is bleeding. Other side effects may include:

• Upset stomach
• Nausea
• Diarrhea

Seek medical care immediately if you notice:

• Heavier-than-normal menstrual bleeding
• Red or brown urine
• Red or black stools
• Bleeding gums or nosebleeds that don’t stop
• Vomit that is bright red or brown
• Coughing up blood
• Severe headache or abdominal pain
• Unusual bruising
• A cut that won’t stop bleeding
• A serious fall or head injury
• Dizziness or weakness

Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH) – Anticoagulants and Blood Thinners

What is cerebral palsy (CP)?

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of neurological disorders that affect movement, muscle tone, balance, and posture. The term “cerebral” refers to the brain, and “palsy” refers to weakness or difficulty using muscles.

CP ranges from mild to severe. The brain injury is permanent, but early treatment and therapy can significantly improve motor skills, communication, and quality of life.

What are the types of cerebral palsy?

• Spastic CP (most common): Stiff muscles and exaggerated reflexes; may affect one side or the entire body.
• Dyskinetic CP: Difficulty controlling movements of the hands, arms, legs, and feet.
• Ataxic CP: Problems with balance and coordination.
• Mixed CP: Features of more than one type.

What causes cerebral palsy?

CP results from abnormal brain development or brain damage.

Congenital CP (before or during birth):

• Genetic variants
• Brain malformations
• Infections during pregnancy
• Injury to the developing baby

Acquired CP (after birth):

• Brain injury in infancy
• Infections such as meningitis or encephalitis
• Stroke or blood flow problems
• Head injury

In some cases, the cause is unknown.

Who is more likely to develop CP?

Risk factors include:

• Premature birth
• Low birth weight
• Multiple births (twins, triplets)
• Assisted reproductive technologies
• Maternal infections
• Severe newborn jaundice
• Birth complications
• Rh incompatibility
• Exposure to toxins during pregnancy

Signs of CP

Symptoms often appear in early childhood and may include:

• Developmental delays
• Abnormal muscle tone (floppy or stiff)
• Favoring one side of the body
• Spasticity
• Tremors
• Sudden uncontrolled movements

Diagnosis

Diagnosis may involve:

• Developmental monitoring and screening
• Physical and neurological exams
• Imaging tests (MRI, CT)
• Genetic or laboratory testing

Treatment

There is no cure, but treatments include:

• Medications
• Surgery
• Assistive devices
• Physical therapy
• Occupational therapy
• Speech therapy

Prevention

• Prenatal care
• Vaccinations during pregnancy
• Preventing head injuries (car seats, helmets)

Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), NIH – Cerebral Palsy

What is the chest?

The chest (thorax) is the area between the neck and abdomen. It contains structures vital for breathing, circulation, and digestion, including:

• Ribs and breastbone
• Esophagus
• Trachea and bronchi
• Lungs
• Pleura
• Heart and major blood vessels
• Thymus gland
• Nerves

What are chest injuries and disorders?

Chest injuries and disorders affect any of the structures within the thorax.

Examples include:

• Broken ribs
• Esophageal disorders
• Dysphagia (swallowing disorders)
• Tracheal and bronchial disorders
• Lung diseases or collapsed lung
• Pleural disorders
• Heart diseases
• Mediastinal diseases
• Thoracic aortic aneurysm
• Thoracic outlet syndrome

Chest trauma may result from car accidents, falls, sports injuries, or penetrating wounds. Because vital organs are involved, some chest injuries can be life-threatening.

Diagnosis

Depending on symptoms and injury, diagnosis may include:

• Imaging tests (X-ray, CT scan, MRI)
• Cardiac testing
• Pulmonary function testing
• Bronchoscopy
• Pleural fluid analysis
• Swallowing studies
• Biopsy

Treatment

Treatment depends on the specific condition.

Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), NIH – Thoracic and Chest Conditions

You have two kidneys that filter waste and extra fluid from your blood. They also regulate electrolytes, blood pressure, and hormone production.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) occurs when the kidneys are damaged and cannot filter blood effectively. Waste products build up in the body, potentially leading to serious complications.

Diabetes and high blood pressure are the leading causes of CKD.

Kidney damage develops gradually over years. Many individuals have no symptoms until the disease is advanced. Blood and urine tests are the primary methods of diagnosis.

Treatment

While CKD cannot be cured, treatments can slow progression:

• Blood pressure control
• Blood sugar management
• Cholesterol management
• Medications

Advanced CKD may lead to kidney failure requiring dialysis or kidney transplant.

Steps to Protect Kidney Health:

• Limit sodium intake
• Maintain target blood pressure
• Control blood sugar
• Limit alcohol
• Follow a heart-healthy diet
• Maintain a healthy weight
• Stay physically active
• Avoid smoking

Source: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH – Chronic Kidney Disease

College Health and Safety

College brings new independence, responsibilities, and stressors. Students may face challenges related to diet, sleep, substance use, sexual health, and mental health.

Maintaining healthy habits during college supports both academic success and long-term well-being.

Steps to Stay Healthy in College

• Eat a balanced diet
• Get adequate sleep
• Exercise regularly
• Keep up with checkups and vaccinations
• Practice safe sex
• Make informed choices about alcohol and drugs
• Seek support for stress, anxiety, or depression

Taking proactive steps can help reduce risks and promote resilience during this transitional period.

Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) – College Health and Safety

A concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury (TBI) that temporarily disrupts normal brain function. It occurs when a blow to the head or body causes the brain to move rapidly back and forth inside the skull. This sudden motion can cause chemical changes in the brain and sometimes stretch or damage brain cells.

Although concussions are often described as “mild” brain injuries, they can still be serious and require proper medical evaluation and recovery time.

Concussions commonly occur during sports, but they may also result from falls, car accidents, physical assaults, or violent shaking.

Symptoms

Symptoms may not appear immediately and can develop hours, days, or even weeks after the injury. They may include:

• Headache or pressure in the head
• Neck pain
• Nausea or vomiting
• Ringing in the ears
• Dizziness or balance problems
• Fatigue
• Feeling dazed or “not right”
• Sensitivity to light or noise
• Difficulty concentrating or remembering

Seek medical care immediately if you experience:

• Convulsions or seizures
• Increasing drowsiness or inability to wake up
• A worsening headache that does not go away
• Weakness, numbness, or poor coordination
• Repeated vomiting
• Slurred speech
• Increasing confusion
• Loss of consciousness

Diagnosis

To diagnose a concussion, your health care provider may:

• Perform a physical and neurological exam
• Assess vision, balance, reflexes, and coordination
• Evaluate memory and cognitive function
• Order imaging tests (CT scan or MRI) if bleeding or skull fracture is suspected

Treatment

Most people recover fully, but recovery can take days to weeks.

• Physical and cognitive rest are essential
• Avoid activities requiring intense concentration (studying, video games, computer use) initially
• Gradually return to normal activities under medical guidance

Returning to activity too soon may worsen symptoms or prolong recovery.

Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) – Concussion and Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Critical care is specialized medical treatment for people with life-threatening injuries or illnesses. It is typically provided in an intensive care unit (ICU), where a team of specially trained providers delivers 24-hour monitoring and advanced medical support.

Who needs critical care?

You may require critical care if you have:

• Severe burns
• COVID-19
• Heart attack
• Heart failure
• Kidney failure
• Complications from major surgery
• Respiratory failure
• Sepsis
• Severe bleeding
• Serious infections
• Major trauma (car crashes, falls, gunshot wounds)
• Shock
• Stroke

What happens in a critical care unit?

ICUs use specialized equipment such as:

• Catheters (to deliver or remove fluids)
• Dialysis machines (for kidney failure)
• Feeding tubes
• Intravenous (IV) lines
• Continuous vital sign monitors
• Oxygen therapy
• Tracheostomy tubes
• Mechanical ventilators

While life-saving, these devices may increase infection risk.

Because patients in the ICU may be unable to communicate, having an advance directive in place helps guide medical decisions, including end-of-life care.

Source: National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS), NIH – Critical Care Medicine

Croup is an inflammation of the larynx (voice box) and trachea (windpipe). It most commonly affects young children and is usually caused by a viral infection, especially the parainfluenza virus.

Symptoms

• Barking cough
• Hoarse voice
• Noisy breathing (stridor)
• Fever
• Symptoms that worsen at night

Croup often begins like a common cold and progresses as airway swelling develops. It usually lasts three to five days.

Children between 6 months and 3 years are at highest risk. Croup is more common during fall and winter.

Treatment

Most cases are mild and can be managed at home with:

• Humidified air
• Fluids
• Rest

In more serious cases, medical treatment may include corticosteroids or breathing treatments. Emergency care is needed if breathing becomes difficult.

Source: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH – Viral Respiratory Infections

What is depression?

Depression is a serious mood disorder that affects how you think, feel, and function in daily life. It is more than temporary sadness. Symptoms must last at least two weeks and interfere with daily activities to meet diagnostic criteria.

Types of depression

• Major depressive disorder: Symptoms last at least two weeks and significantly impair daily life.
• Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia): Less severe but long-lasting symptoms (at least two years).
• Seasonal affective disorder (SAD): Occurs during certain seasons.
• Bipolar disorder: Involves depressive episodes and manic or hypomanic episodes.
• Depression with psychotic features: Depression accompanied by delusions or hallucinations.

Causes

• Genetic factors
• Brain chemistry changes
• Hormonal changes
• Trauma or stress
• Chronic medical conditions

Risk factors

• Family history
• Stressful life events
• Chronic illness

Symptoms

• Persistent sadness or emptiness
• Loss of interest
• Appetite or sleep changes
• Fatigue
• Feelings of guilt or hopelessness
• Difficulty concentrating
• Thoughts of death or suicide
• Increased alcohol or substance use
• Social withdrawal

Diagnosis

Diagnosis may involve:

• Medical history and symptom review
• Physical exam
• Lab tests to rule out medical causes
• Mental health evaluation

Treatment

• Antidepressant medications
• Psychotherapy (CBT and other therapies)
• Light therapy (for SAD)
• Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
• Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
• Healthy lifestyle habits

Prevention

• While not always preventable, protective habits include:
• Regular exercise
• Consistent sleep
• Stress management

If you or someone you know is in crisis, call 911 or seek immediate medical help.

Source: National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), NIH – Depression

What is a dislocated shoulder?

The shoulder joint is formed by the collarbone, shoulder blade, and upper arm bone. A dislocation occurs when the ball at the top of the upper arm bone comes out of the shoulder socket. It may be partial or complete.

The shoulder is the most mobile joint in the body, making it the most commonly dislocated joint.

Causes

• Sports injuries
• Car accidents
• Falls onto an outstretched arm
• Seizures or electric shocks

Risk factors

• Young men (sports participation)
• Older adults (increased fall risk)

Symptoms

• Severe shoulder pain
• Swelling and bruising
• Numbness or weakness
• Limited arm movement
• Visible deformity
• Muscle spasms

Seek medical attention immediately if these occur.

Diagnosis

• Medical history
• Physical examination
• X-ray imaging

Treatment

1. Closed reduction: Manual repositioning of the joint
2. Immobilization: Sling use for stabilization
3. Rehabilitation: Physical therapy to restore movement and strength

Surgery may be needed for nerve damage or repeated dislocations.

Source: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), NIH – Shoulder Problems and Dislocations

Dislocations are joint injuries that force the ends of bones out of their normal position. They usually occur due to a fall, direct blow, or trauma during contact sports. Any joint can be dislocated, including the:

• Ankles
• Knees
• Shoulders
• Hips
• Elbows
• Jaw
• Fingers and toes

A dislocated joint is often:

• Swollen
• Extremely painful
• Visibly deformed or out of place
• Difficult or impossible to move

A dislocation is considered a medical emergency. Immediate medical attention is necessary to prevent complications such as nerve damage, blood vessel injury, or chronic joint instability.

Treatment

Treatment depends on the joint involved and the severity of the injury. It may include:

• Closed reduction (manual repositioning of the bones)
• Pain medication
• Immobilization with a splint or sling
• Rehabilitation and physical therapy

When properly treated, most joints regain normal function within weeks. However, once a joint — particularly the shoulder or kneecap — has been dislocated, the risk of repeat dislocation increases.

Wearing protective sports gear and strengthening surrounding muscles may help prevent recurrence.

Source: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), NIH – Joint Injuries and Dislocations

What is encephalitis?

Encephalitis is inflammation (swelling) of the brain. It can occur when an infection or autoimmune condition triggers the immune system to attack brain tissue. In severe cases, encephalitis can cause brain damage, stroke, or death.

What causes encephalitis?

There are two main types:

Infectious encephalitis

Most commonly caused by viruses, including:

• Herpes viruses (herpes simplex virus, Epstein-Barr virus, varicella-zoster virus)
• Tick-borne viruses (tick-borne encephalitis virus, Powassan virus)
• Mosquito-borne viruses (West Nile virus, eastern equine encephalitis virus, La Crosse virus)
• Enteroviruses

Less commonly, bacteria, fungi, and parasites may cause encephalitis.

Autoimmune encephalitis

Occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy brain cells. It may be triggered by:

• Certain cancers or tumors
• Infections
• Unknown causes

Who is more likely to get encephalitis?

Higher risk groups include:

• People with weakened immune systems (HIV, organ transplant recipients, chemotherapy patients)
• Young children
• Older adults
• People living in areas with mosquito- or tick-borne viruses

Symptoms

Mild cases may resemble flu-like illness:

• Fever
• Fatigue
• Headache
• Body aches

Severe symptoms may include:

• Severe headache
• Stiff neck
• Vomiting
• Seizures
• Behavior or personality changes
• Drowsiness
• Muscle weakness or paralysis
• Coma

In infants:

• Fever
• Poor feeding
• Lethargy
• Irritability
• Bulging fontanel

Seek medical care immediately if symptoms appear.

Diagnosis

Health care providers may:

• Perform physical and neurological exams
• Order CT or MRI scans
• Conduct EEG testing
• Test blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Treatment

Hospitalization is often required. Treatment may include:

• Antiviral medications
• Antibiotics (if bacterial cause suspected)
• Corticosteroids
• Supportive care (fluids, breathing support)

Rehabilitation therapies may be needed during recovery.

Prevention

• Wash hands frequently
• Avoid sharing utensils or drinks
• Stay up to date on recommended vaccines
• Use insect repellent and protective clothing
• Reduce exposure to mosquito and tick habitats

Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), NIH – Encephalitis

Exercise benefits people of all ages, especially older adults. Regular physical activity supports independence, balance, and overall health.

There are four main types of exercise:

• Endurance (aerobic) activities: Increase heart rate and breathing. Examples include brisk walking, swimming, dancing, and biking.
• Strength exercises: Build muscle mass using weights or resistance bands.
• Balance exercises: Reduce the risk of falls.
• Flexibility exercises: Improve range of motion and help maintain mobility.

If you have not been active, start slowly and gradually increase activity. The amount and type of exercise depend on your age and medical conditions. Always consult your health care provider before beginning a new exercise program.

Source: National Institute on Aging (NIA), NIH – Exercise and Physical Activity for Older Adults

Fainting (syncope) is a temporary loss of consciousness caused by reduced blood flow to the brain. Before fainting, you may feel:

• Dizziness
• Lightheadedness
• Nausea
• Blurred or “blackened” vision
• Cold, clammy skin

Loss of muscle control often causes a fall.

Causes

Fainting usually occurs due to a sudden drop in blood pressure. Common causes include:

• Heat exposure or dehydration
• Emotional stress
• Standing up too quickly
• Certain medications
• Low blood sugar
• Heart rhythm problems or other heart conditions

What to do

If someone faints:

• Make sure the airway is clear
• Check for breathing
• Lay the person flat for 10–15 minutes

Most people recover quickly. However, fainting can sometimes signal a serious underlying condition, especially heart problems. Medical evaluation is recommended.

Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), NIH – Syncope (Fainting)

The average person has about 5 million hair follicles. Hair grows on most areas of the body except the lips, palms, and soles of the feet. Healthy hair grows about half an inch per month. Individual hairs grow for several years before shedding and being replaced.

Functions of Hair

• Regulates body temperature
• Protects the eyes, ears, and nose from debris

Common Hair and Scalp Problems

• Hair loss (alopecia)
• Scalp infections
• Dandruff and flaking
• Excessive hair growth

Hair disorders may be caused by genetics, hormonal changes, medical conditions, medications, stress, or nutritional deficiencies.

Treatment depends on the cause and may include medications, lifestyle changes, or dermatologic care.

Source: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), NIH – Hair Loss and Scalp Disorders

Each spring, summer, and fall, trees, weeds, and grasses release tiny pollen grains into the air. When pollen enters your nose and throat, it can trigger an allergic reaction known as hay fever, also called allergic rhinitis.

Symptoms can include:

• Sneezing, often with a runny or clogged nose
• Coughing and postnasal drip
• Itchy eyes, nose, or throat
• Red, watery eyes
• Dark circles under the eyes

Symptoms may be seasonal (triggered by outdoor pollen) or year-round (caused by indoor allergens such as dust mites or pet dander).

Diagnosis and Treatment

Your health care provider may diagnose hay fever based on your symptoms and a physical exam. In some cases, skin prick tests or blood tests are used to identify specific allergens.

• Antihistamines
• Decongestants
• Corticosteroid nasal sprays
• Saline nasal rinses (using distilled or sterilized water only)
• Allergy shots (immunotherapy) for long-term relief

Avoiding known triggers and monitoring pollen counts can also help manage symptoms.

Source: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH – Allergic Rhinitis

Head injuries range from mild bumps to severe traumatic brain injuries (TBI). The skull protects the brain, but strong force can still cause significant damage.

Head injuries may include:

• Skull fracture
• Concussion
• Traumatic brain injury

Types of head injuries

• Closed head injury: The skull remains intact.
• Open (penetrating) head injury: An object breaks through the skull and enters the brain.

Closed injuries are not always less serious than open injuries.

Common causes

• Falls
• Motor vehicle accidents
• Sports injuries
• Physical assaults

Warning signs of moderate or severe head injury

Seek immediate medical help if someone has:

• A worsening or persistent headache
• Repeated vomiting or nausea
• Seizures
• Difficulty waking up
• Dilated pupils
• Slurred speech
• Weakness or numbness
• Loss of coordination
• Increased confusion or agitation

Diagnosis and Treatment

Doctors perform neurological exams and may order imaging tests such as CT scans or MRIs. Treatment depends on severity and may range from observation and rest to emergency surgery.

Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), NIH – Traumatic Brain Injury and Head Injury

Health Fraud Scams

Health fraud scams involve selling products such as medicines, supplements, devices, foods, or cosmetics that are not proven safe or effective. These products may waste money, delay proper treatment, and even cause harm.

Potential dangers include:

• Contamination from poor manufacturing
• Hidden or harmful ingredients
• Dangerous interactions with prescription medications
• Serious or life-threatening side effects

Scams often target conditions such as:

• Weight loss
• Memory loss
• Sexual performance
• Joint pain
• Cancer
• Diabetes
• Heart disease
• HIV
• Alzheimer’s disease

Red flags to watch for:

• Personal testimonials claiming dramatic results
• Claims to cure multiple unrelated diseases
• Conspiracy statements about “hidden cures”
• Buzzwords such as:
  • “Ancient remedy”
  • “Miracle cure”
  • “Natural cure”
  • “Quick fix”
  • “Secret ingredient”
  • “Scientific breakthrough”
• Misuse of scientific language
• Claims referencing prestigious awards (e.g., “Nobel Prize-winning technology”)

If a product sounds too good to be true, it probably is. Always consult your health care provider before trying unproven treatments.

Source: U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) – Health Fraud Scams

What is an inactive lifestyle?

An inactive or sedentary lifestyle involves prolonged sitting or lying down with little physical activity. Modern work, commuting, and entertainment habits contribute to increased sedentary behavior.

How does inactivity affect your body?

When you are inactive:

• You burn fewer calories, increasing weight gain risk
• Muscle strength and endurance decline
• Bone density may decrease
• Metabolism slows
• Blood circulation worsens
• Inflammation may increase
• Hormonal balance may be disrupted
• Immune function may decline

Health risks of inactivity

An inactive lifestyle increases the risk of:

• Obesity
• Coronary artery disease and heart attack
• High blood pressure
• High cholesterol
• Stroke
• Metabolic syndrome
• Type 2 diabetes
• Colon, breast, and uterine cancers
• Osteoporosis and falls
• Depression and anxiety
• Premature death

The more sedentary you are, the higher your health risks.

Getting started with exercise

If you’ve been inactive:

• Start slowly
• Gradually increase duration and intensity
• Consult your health care provider if needed

Even small increases in activity can improve health.

Being more active at home

• Do housework or yard work at a brisk pace
• Stretch or lift light weights while watching TV
• Walk around your neighborhood
• Stand while talking on the phone
• Use affordable home equipment like resistance bands

Being more active at work

• Stand or walk every hour
• Take the stairs
• Walk during breaks
• Have walking meetings
• Stand during calls or video conferences

It’s never too late to increase activity levels.

Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) – Physical Activity and Health

What is blood pressure?

Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against artery walls.

• Systolic pressure: Pressure when the heart beats
• Diastolic pressure: Pressure when the heart rests between beats

A reading of 120/80 means systolic 120 and diastolic 80.

How is high blood pressure diagnosed?

High blood pressure (hypertension) usually has no symptoms. Diagnosis requires multiple readings on different occasions.

Blood Pressure Categories (Adults)

Children and teens are evaluated based on age, height, and sex percentiles.

Types of high blood pressure

• Primary (essential) hypertension: Develops gradually with age.
• Secondary hypertension: Caused by another condition or medication.

Why is high blood pressure dangerous?

Untreated hypertension forces the heart to work harder and increases risk for:

• Heart attack
• Stroke
• Heart failure
• Kidney disease

Treatment

Treatment may include:

• Heart-healthy eating (DASH diet)
• Regular exercise
• Weight management
• Limiting alcohol
• Quitting smoking
• Stress reduction
• Blood pressure medications

If caused by another condition, treating that condition may lower blood pressure.

Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), NIH – High Blood Pressure

Your hip is the joint where your femur (thigh bone) meets your pelvis (hip bone). It is a ball-and-socket joint, meaning the rounded head of the femur fits into a cup-shaped socket in the pelvis. This design provides stability and allows a wide range of motion for walking, running, bending, and rotating.

Although the hip joint is strong and stable, injuries and disorders can still occur — especially with sports, overuse, falls, or aging.

Common hip injuries include:

• Strains (muscle or tendon injuries)
• Bursitis (inflammation of fluid-filled sacs that cushion the joint)
• Dislocations
• Fractures (broken bones)

Hip-related diseases and conditions

• Osteoarthritis: Causes joint pain, stiffness, and limited movement due to cartilage breakdown.
• Osteoporosis: Weakens bones, increasing fracture risk — especially in older adults.
• Hip dysplasia: A condition in which the femoral head does not fit properly into the socket. It may be present at birth or develop later and can increase the risk of dislocation.

Treatment

Treatment depends on the specific condition and may include:

• Rest and activity modification
• Medications (pain relievers or anti-inflammatory drugs)
• Physical therapy
• Assistive devices
• Surgery, including hip replacement

Early diagnosis and proper management can help preserve mobility and reduce pain.

Source: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), NIH – Hip Problems

Regular physical activity improves overall health, supports mental well-being, and reduces the risk of chronic disease.

For Adults

Adults should get:

• 150–300 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity per week, OR
• 75–150 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic activity per week, OR
• A combination of both

Aerobic activities include:

• Brisk walking
• Jogging
• Swimming
• Biking

Moderate intensity

You can talk but not sing.

Vigorous intensity

You cannot say more than a few words without pausing for breath. Spread activity throughout the week. Short sessions still count.

Strength Training

At least 2 days per week:

• Lifting weights
• Resistance bands
• Sit-ups and pushups

Work all major muscle groups (legs, hips, back, chest, abdomen, shoulders, arms). Aim for 8–12 repetitions per exercise, progressing to 2–3 sets.

For Older Adults

Older adults benefit from:

• Aerobic activity
• Strength training
• Balance exercises (heel-to-toe walking, standing on one leg)

Consult a health care provider before starting a new routine.

For Preschool-Aged Children (3–5 years)

Should be physically active throughout the day, including both structured (adult-led) and unstructured (free play) activities.

For Children and Teens

At least 60 minutes of physical activity daily, mostly moderate-intensity aerobic activity.

At least 3 days per week, include:

• Vigorous-intensity activity (running, fast swimming)
• Muscle-strengthening activity (pushups, playground climbing)
• Bone-strengthening activity (jumping, hopping, volleyball)

Older Adults, Pregnant Women, and People with Health Conditions

Should consult their provider for personalized recommendations.

Exercise Tips

• Start slowly if inactive
• Gradually increase intensity
• Combine exercise with healthy eating for weight management
• Remember: some activity is always better than none

Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), NIH – Physical Activity Guidelines

A kidney transplant is a surgical procedure that places a healthy kidney into a person whose kidneys have failed. The transplanted kidney takes over the work of filtering blood, eliminating the need for dialysis in most cases.

During the Procedure

• The new kidney is placed in the lower abdomen
• Blood vessels are connected to allow blood flow
• The ureter is connected to the bladder
• The new kidney may begin working immediately or may take weeks

Donor Types

• Deceased donor: A kidney from someone who has died
• Living donor: Often a family member or compatible volunteer

Wait times for deceased donor kidneys can be long.

After Transplantation

Recipients must take immunosuppressive medications for life to prevent rejection. Regular medical follow-up is essential to monitor kidney function and detect complications.

A successful transplant can improve quality of life and increase longevity compared to long-term dialysis.

Source: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH – Kidney Transplant

Laboratory tests analyze samples of blood, urine, or tissues to evaluate health and detect disease.

Factors Affecting Results

Test results are compared to reference ranges, which vary based on factors such as:

• Age
• Sex
• Race
• Diet and hydration
• Medications
• Pre-test preparation

Doctors may compare current results with past results to track changes over time.

Benefits of Laboratory Testing

• Diagnose medical conditions
• Monitor chronic diseases
• Guide treatment decisions
• Evaluate treatment effectiveness
• Screen during routine checkups

Understanding your results and discussing them with your provider ensures proper interpretation.

Source: National Library of Medicine (NLM), NIH – Lab Tests

Low blood pressure (hypotension) occurs when blood pressure readings are 90/60 mmHg or lower.

Understanding Blood Pressure

• Systolic pressure: Pressure when the heart beats
• Diastolic pressure: Pressure between beats

Example: 120/80 (systolic/diastolic)

When Is Low Blood Pressure a Problem?

Some people naturally have low blood pressure without symptoms. In others, hypotension can result from:

• Dehydration
• Heart problems
• Endocrine disorders
• Severe infection
• Blood loss
• Certain medications

A sudden drop in blood pressure may cause:

• Dizziness
• Lightheadedness
• Blurred vision
• Fainting
• Shock (in severe cases)

Low blood pressure requires medical attention if it causes symptoms or is linked to an underlying condition.

Treatment depends on the cause and may include fluids, medication adjustments, or managing underlying health problems.

Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), NIH – Low Blood Pressure

What is Lyme disease?

Lyme disease is a bacterial infection transmitted through the bite of an infected blacklegged tick (also called a deer tick). If treated early with antibiotics, most people recover quickly. If untreated, the infection can spread to the joints, heart, and nervous system.

What causes Lyme disease?

Lyme disease is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi (and less commonly Borrelia mayonii in the United States). It spreads through the bite of infected blacklegged ticks.

In the U.S., infected ticks are commonly found in:

• The Northeast
• The Mid-Atlantic
• The Upper Midwest
• The Pacific Coast (especially northern California)

In most cases, the tick must be attached for more than 24 hours to transmit the bacteria.

Who is more likely to get Lyme disease?

Risk increases if you:

• Spend time in wooded, grassy, or brushy areas
• Live in or travel to high-risk regions
• Spend time outdoors during warmer months (April–September)

Ticks can remain active during mild winters and early spring if temperatures are above freezing.

Symptoms of Lyme disease

Early symptoms (3–30 days after a tick bite):

• Erythema migrans (EM) rash: A red expanding rash that may appear like a “bull’s-eye.” It is usually not itchy or painful.
• Fever
• Chills
• Headache
• Fatigue
• Muscle and joint aches
• Swollen lymph nodes

Later symptoms (if untreated):

• Severe headaches and neck stiffness
• Additional EM rashes
• Facial palsy (drooping on one or both sides of the face)
• Arthritis, especially in the knees
• Heart palpitations (Lyme carditis)
• Irregular heartbeat
• Dizziness or shortness of breath
• Nerve pain
• Numbness or tingling

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is based on:

• Symptoms
• Possible exposure to ticks
• Physical exam findings

Blood tests detect antibodies to the bacteria. However, antibodies may not appear until several weeks after infection, so early testing may be negative.

Treatment

Lyme disease is treated with antibiotics. Early treatment greatly improves outcomes.

Some people experience prolonged symptoms such as fatigue or joint pain after treatment. This is known as post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS). Long-term antibiotics have not been shown to help, but supportive care can manage symptoms.

Prevention

• Avoid wooded and brushy areas when possible
• Use EPA-registered insect repellents (DEET, picaridin, IR3535, oil of lemon eucalyptus, para-menthane-diol)
• Treat clothing with permethrin
• Wear long sleeves and tuck pants into socks
• Check skin, scalp, children, and pets daily
• Shower and wash clothing after outdoor activity

Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) – Lyme Disease

Meniere’s disease is a disorder of the inner ear that can cause episodes of vertigo (severe dizziness), tinnitus (ringing or roaring in the ear), fluctuating hearing loss, and a feeling of fullness or pressure in the ear. It usually affects one ear.

Symptoms

• Sudden vertigo attacks
• Tinnitus
• Hearing loss that comes and goes
• Ear pressure or discomfort

Some people experience drop attacks, where sudden dizziness leads to falls without warning.

Causes

The exact cause is unknown. Researchers believe it may be related to abnormal fluid buildup or fluid mixing in the inner ear.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is based on:

• Medical history
• Symptom pattern
• Physical examination
• Hearing tests

Treatment

There is no cure, but treatments may include:

• Medications to reduce dizziness
• Limiting salt intake
• Diuretics (“water pills”)
• Pressure pulse devices
• In severe cases, surgery

Treatment aims to reduce the frequency and severity of attacks.

Source: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), NIH – Meniere’s Disease

Neck pain can involve muscles, bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, or nerves. It may also radiate from nearby areas such as the shoulders, jaw, or upper back.

Common Causes

• Muscle strain from poor posture
• Prolonged computer use
• Sleeping in an awkward position
• Sports injuries
• Falls or car accidents
• Whiplash (neck sprain or strain)

Symptoms

• Stiffness
• Limited range of motion
• Headaches
• Pain radiating to shoulders or arms

Treatment

Treatment depends on the cause and may include:

• Ice or heat therapy
• Pain relievers
• Physical therapy
• Cervical collar (short-term use)
• Rarely, surgery

Most neck pain improves with conservative treatment.

Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), NIH – Neck Pain

Health care workers face occupational hazards such as:

• Infectious diseases
• Needle-stick injuries
• Back injuries
• Exposure to allergens
• Workplace violence
• Stress and burnout

Prevention Strategies

• Use personal protective equipment (PPE)
• Follow infection control protocols
• Practice proper lifting techniques
• Use safe needle devices
• Manage stress through support programs

Workplace safety policies reduce injury risk and improve long-term health.

Source: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), CDC – Healthcare Worker Safety

What are opioids?

Opioids are drugs used to treat pain. They include prescription medications such as oxycodone, hydrocodone, fentanyl, and tramadol, as well as illegal drugs like heroin.

While effective for short-term pain, opioids carry a risk of dependence and addiction.

What is opioid use disorder (OUD)?

OUD is a chronic brain disorder characterized by compulsive opioid use despite harmful consequences. It can cause significant distress and impairment in daily life.

Treatments for OUD

Medications for Opioid Use Disorder (MOUD)

• Methadone: Reduces withdrawal symptoms and cravings.
• Buprenorphine: Reduces cravings and lowers misuse risk.
• Naltrexone: Blocks opioid effects and prevents relapse.
• Buprenorphine/naloxone combination: Reduces misuse potential.

These medications help normalize brain function and support recovery. They may be used long-term under medical supervision.

Counseling and Behavioral Therapies

• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
• Motivational Enhancement Therapy
• Contingency Management
• Group counseling
• Family counseling

Counseling supports behavioral change and relapse prevention.

Residential and Hospital-Based Treatment

• Structured inpatient programs
• Intensive outpatient programs
• Integrated medical and addiction care

Long-term recovery often combines medication and therapy.

Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), NIH – Opioid Use Disorder Treatment

What are opioids?

Opioids, sometimes called narcotics, are drugs used primarily to relieve pain. They include prescription medications such as oxycodone, hydrocodone, fentanyl, tramadol, and morphine. The illegal drug heroin is also an opioid. Some opioids are derived from the opium poppy plant, while others are synthetic (man-made).

Health care providers may prescribe opioids after surgery, major injury, cancer treatment, or for severe chronic pain. When used as directed and for a short time, they can be effective. However, they carry risks.

What are the side effects and risks of opioids?

Common side effects include:

• Drowsiness
• Mental clouding
• Nausea
• Constipation

Serious risks include:

• Slowed breathing (respiratory depression)
• Physical dependence
• Opioid use disorder (OUD)
• Overdose

Signs of an opioid overdose (call 911 immediately):

• Very small pupils
• Unconsciousness or inability to wake
• Slow or shallow breathing
• Choking or gurgling sounds
• Vomiting
• Limp body
• Pale, blue, or cold skin
• Weak or absent pulse
• Purple lips or fingernails

What is opioid use disorder (OUD)?

OUD is a chronic brain disorder characterized by compulsive opioid use despite harmful consequences. It causes significant distress and interferes with daily life.

Dependence refers to experiencing withdrawal symptoms when stopping opioids. Addiction involves compulsive drug-seeking behavior.

Risk factors increase with misuse, such as:

• Taking higher doses than prescribed
• Taking opioids more often than directed
• Using opioids to feel high
• Taking someone else’s prescription

Opioid misuse during pregnancy can lead to neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS), in which newborns experience withdrawal symptoms.

Treatment of OUD and Overdose

Medications for Opioid Use Disorder (MOUD)

• Methadone
• Buprenorphine
• Naltrexone
• Buprenorphine/naloxone combination

These medications reduce cravings, prevent withdrawal, and support long-term recovery. They are often combined with counseling and behavioral therapies.

Naloxone

Naloxone is a medication that reverses opioid overdose if administered quickly. It can restore breathing and prevent death.

Prevention Tips

• Take opioids exactly as prescribed
• Do not share medications
• Store securely
• Dispose of unused opioids safely
• Talk to your provider about concerns

Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), NIH – Opioids and Opioid Use Disorder

What is oxygen?

Oxygen is essential for life. Your lungs absorb oxygen from the air, and your blood carries it to tissues and organs to produce energy.

Certain medical conditions can cause low blood oxygen levels (hypoxemia), leading to:

• Shortness of breath
• Fatigue
• Confusion
• Organ damage if untreated

What is oxygen therapy?

Oxygen therapy (supplemental oxygen) provides extra oxygen to help maintain adequate blood oxygen levels. It requires a prescription.

Oxygen may be delivered through:

• Nasal cannula
• Face mask
• Oxygen tent

Devices include:

• Oxygen tanks (liquid or compressed gas)
• Oxygen concentrators (extract oxygen from air)
• Portable systems

Some people require short-term oxygen, while others need long-term therapy.

Who needs oxygen therapy?

Conditions that may require oxygen therapy include:

• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
• Pneumonia
• COVID-19
• Severe asthma
• Advanced heart failure
• Cystic fibrosis
• Sleep apnea

Risks and Safety

Oxygen therapy is generally safe but may cause:

• Dry or irritated nose
• Nosebleeds
• Headaches

Oxygen increases fire risk:

• Do not smoke near oxygen
• Keep tanks secured and upright
• Avoid open flames

What is hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT)?

HBOT involves breathing oxygen in a pressurized chamber. It increases oxygen delivery to tissues and is approved for certain conditions such as:

• Serious wounds
• Carbon monoxide poisoning
• Decompression sickness
• Certain infections

HBOT is not approved for many conditions advertised by some centers, including Alzheimer’s disease or autism.

Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), NIH – Oxygen Therapy

What are peripheral nerves?

Peripheral nerves connect the brain and spinal cord to muscles, organs, and skin. They transmit signals that control movement, sensation, breathing, heart rate, and digestion.

What are peripheral nerve disorders?

Peripheral nerve disorders (peripheral neuropathies) occur when these nerves are damaged. There are over 100 types.

Causes

• Diabetes (most common cause)
• Physical injury or trauma
• Cancer and cancer treatments
• Infections (HIV, Lyme disease)
• Blood vessel disorders
• Autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, lupus)
• Kidney or liver disease
• Toxic exposure (lead, mercury)
• Alcohol use disorder
• Vitamin deficiencies (especially B12)
• Genetic conditions (Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease)

Sometimes the cause is unknown.

Symptoms by nerve type

Motor nerves (movement):

• Muscle weakness
• Balance problems
• Cramps or twitching
• Muscle shrinking

Sensory nerves (sensation):

• Tingling or numbness
• Burning or sharp pain
• Loss of ability to feel heat or pain
• Pain from light touch

Autonomic nerves (organ function):

• Abnormal heart rate
• Trouble swallowing
• Sweating abnormalities
• Digestive issues
• Bladder or sexual dysfunction

Diagnosis

• Medical and family history
• Physical exam
• Blood tests
• Nerve conduction studies and electromyography (EMG)
• Genetic testing
• Biopsy
• CT or MRI scans

Treatment

• Treat underlying causes
• Pain medications
• Braces or splints
• Physical therapy
• Electrical stimulation
• Surgery (if nerve compression is present)

Prevention

• Manage diabetes
• Avoid toxins
• Prevent injuries
• Eat a balanced diet
• Limit alcohol
• Avoid smoking

Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), NIH – Peripheral Neuropathy

What is RSV?

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common virus that causes respiratory illness. It often produces mild, cold-like symptoms but can cause severe disease in infants, older adults, and people with weakened immune systems.

How does RSV spread?

• Coughing and sneezing
• Close contact
• Touching contaminated surfaces

People are contagious for 3–8 days, but infants and immunocompromised individuals may spread RSV longer.

Who is at risk for severe RSV?

• Infants
• Adults age 65 and older
• People with heart or lung disease
• People with weakened immune systems

Symptoms

• Runny nose
• Cough
• Fever
• Wheezing
• Sneezing
• Reduced appetite

Severe cases may cause:

• Bronchiolitis
• Pneumonia
• Breathing difficulty

Diagnosis

• Medical history
• Physical exam
• Nasal swab testing
• Chest X-ray (if severe)

Treatment

There is no specific antiviral treatment for most RSV cases. Care includes:

• Rest
• Fluids
• Fever control
• Hospital care with oxygen or ventilator support (if severe)

Do not give aspirin to children.

Prevention

• RSV vaccines for adults 60+
• Maternal vaccination during pregnancy (32–36 weeks)
• Preventive monoclonal antibody injections for high-risk infants
• Handwashing
• Avoiding close contact when sick
• Cleaning frequently touched surfaces

Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) – RSV

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) causes an overwhelming urge to move the legs, usually accompanied by uncomfortable sensations such as crawling, tingling, or burning. Symptoms worsen when resting and improve temporarily with movement.

RLS can disrupt sleep and lead to daytime fatigue.

Causes

Often unknown (primary RLS). Secondary causes may include:

• Iron deficiency anemia
• Pregnancy
• Kidney disease
• Certain medications

Caffeine, alcohol, and tobacco may worsen symptoms.

Treatment

• Good sleep habits
• Moderate daytime exercise
• Relaxation techniques
• Iron supplements (if deficient)
• Medications for moderate to severe cases

Many people with RLS also have periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD), which causes involuntary leg movements during sleep.

Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), NIH – Restless Legs Syndrome

What are seizures?

Seizures are symptoms of abnormal electrical activity in the brain. They can affect behavior, movement, feelings, and consciousness. While many people associate seizures with full-body convulsions, not all seizures cause shaking.

Seizures are grouped into two main categories:

• Focal (partial) seizures: Begin in one area of the brain. Symptoms may include unusual sensations, confusion, staring spells, or localized muscle movements.
• Generalized seizures: Involve both sides of the brain from the start. These may cause loss of consciousness, stiffening, jerking movements, or brief staring spells (absence seizures).

Most seizures last 30 seconds to 2 minutes and do not cause permanent harm. However, it is a medical emergency if:

• A seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes
• Multiple seizures occur without regaining consciousness
• Breathing or awareness does not return

Causes of seizures may include:

• High fever (especially in children)
• Head injury
• Stroke
• Brain infections
• Certain medications
• Substance withdrawal
• Low blood sugar

People who experience recurrent seizures due to an ongoing brain condition are diagnosed with epilepsy.

Prompt medical evaluation helps determine the cause and guide treatment, which may include anti-seizure medications, lifestyle adjustments, or surgery in some cases.

Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), NIH – Seizures

The tailbone (coccyx) is the small triangular bone at the base of the spine. It provides attachment for ligaments, muscles, and tendons and helps support weight when sitting.

Tailbone disorders include:

• Bruising
• Ligament strain
• Dislocation
• Fracture (rare)
• Infections
• Pilonidal cysts
• Tumors

A backward fall onto a hard surface — such as slipping on ice — is the most common cause of injury.

Symptoms may include:

• Pain in the tailbone area
• Pain that worsens when sitting or rising
• Tenderness at the base of the spine
• Numbness or radiating pain (if nerves are affected)
• A visible or palpable mass

Most injuries involve bruising or ligament strain rather than fracture.

Treatment

• Rest and avoiding prolonged sitting
• Use of a cushioned “donut” pillow
• Ice packs
• Pain relievers
• Physical therapy

Surgery is rarely needed and reserved for severe, persistent cases.

Source: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), NIH – Back and Spine Conditions

Tears are essential for eye health. They lubricate, clean, and protect the eyes with every blink.

The tear system includes:

• Tear glands (lacrimal glands): Produce tears
• Tear ducts: Drain tears from the eye surface

Tears help:

• Keep the eye moist
• Wash away debris
• Prevent infection
• Support clear vision

Tear system problems may include:

• Excess tearing (watery eyes)
• Dry eyes (insufficient tear production)
• Blocked tear ducts

Symptoms may include irritation, redness, blurred vision, or eye infections.

Treatment depends on the cause and may include:

• Artificial tears
• Prescription eye drops
• Warm compresses
• Tear duct procedures

Early treatment can prevent complications and protect vision.

Source: National Eye Institute (NEI), NIH – Tear System and Eye Health

Alcohol is the most widely misused substance among youth in the United States. Underage drinking carries serious health and safety risks.

Risks include:

• Injuries and deaths (including car crashes)
• Risky sexual behavior
• Increased risk of assault
• Academic problems
• Interference with brain development
• Greater likelihood of alcohol use disorder later in life

Adolescents’ brains are still developing, especially areas responsible for decision-making and impulse control.

Why teens drink:

• Peer pressure
• Desire to fit in
• Curiosity
• Stress or emotional issues

Prevention strategies:

• Open communication between parents and children
• Setting clear expectations
• Monitoring activities
• Early intervention if warning signs appear

If a young person shows signs of alcohol misuse, early support and professional guidance can help reduce long-term harm.

Source: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), NIH – Underage Drinking

A vegetarian diet emphasizes plant-based foods such as:

• Fruits
• Vegetables
• Whole grains
• Legumes (beans and peas)
• Nuts and seeds

There are several types of vegetarian eating patterns:

• Vegan: Excludes all animal products
• Lacto-vegetarian: Includes dairy products
• Lacto-ovo vegetarian: Includes dairy and eggs

Nutritional considerations

A well-planned vegetarian diet can meet all nutritional needs. However, attention should be given to:

• Protein
• Iron
• Calcium
• Zinc
• Vitamin B12
• Omega-3 fatty acids

Sources may include fortified foods, legumes, nuts, seeds, whole grains, leafy greens, and supplements when needed.

Health benefits

Vegetarian diets are associated with:

• Lower risk of heart disease
• Lower blood pressure
• Improved weight management
• Reduced risk of certain chronic diseases

Careful planning ensures adequate nutrient intake and long-term health.

Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) – Vegetarian Eating Patterns

A volcano is an opening (vent) in the Earth’s crust where molten rock (lava), ash, steam, and gases are released. Volcanic eruptions can be explosive or gradual and may trigger additional hazards.

Hazards associated with volcanic eruptions include:

• Earthquakes
• Mudflows (lahars)
• Flash floods
• Rockfalls and landslides
• Acid rain
• Fires
• Tsunamis

Volcanic ash and gases can travel hundreds of miles from the eruption site. Fine ash particles can irritate the lungs and worsen breathing problems, especially in:

• Infants
• Older adults
• People with asthma, COPD, or other lung diseases

Protecting yourself

• Develop a disaster preparedness plan
• Follow evacuation orders
• Wear masks and protective eyewear during ashfall
• Stay indoors when possible

It is normal to experience stress or anxiety after a disaster. Emotional support and preparedness planning can help reduce long-term effects.

Source: Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) – Volcano Safety

An injury is physical harm to the body caused by accidents, falls, collisions, weapons, or other trauma. Injuries range from minor to life-threatening and can occur anywhere — at home, work, or outdoors.

What are wounds?

Wounds are injuries that break the skin or underlying tissue. Types include:

• Cuts
• Scrapes
• Punctures
• Surgical wounds

Minor wounds should be cleaned promptly to prevent infection.

Seek medical attention if:

• The wound is deep
• Bleeding cannot be stopped
• Dirt cannot be removed
• The wound will not close
• Signs of infection appear (redness, swelling, pus)

Other common injuries:

• Animal bites
• Bruises
• Burns
• Dislocations
• Electrical injuries
• Fractures (broken bones)
• Sprains and strains

Proper first aid and timely medical care reduce complications.

Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) – Injury Prevention & Control

Your wrist connects your hand to your forearm and contains:

• Two forearm bones (radius and ulna)
• Eight small carpal bones
• Ligaments (connect bones)
• Tendons (connect muscles to bones)

Because of its flexibility and frequent use, the wrist is vulnerable to injury.

Common wrist injuries and disorders

• Carpal tunnel syndrome: Compression of the median nerve
• Ganglion cysts: Noncancerous fluid-filled lumps
• Gout: Arthritis caused by uric acid buildup
• Fractures
• Osteoarthritis: Joint wear and tear
• Sprains and strains
• Tendinitis: Tendon inflammation from overuse